CONTENIDO: La ciencia del derecho y el lenguaje jurídico - Algunas estructuras lógicas del pensamiento jurídico - Valores, normas morales y validez del derecho - Las técnicas de control social y el derecho - El concepto de obligación jurídica y las formas de responsabilidad - Derecho subjetivo y relación jurídico - El concepto de órgano de derecho y las categorías derivadas - La personificación del sujeto de derecho - Los sistemas normativos y la idea del derecho como un orden - (...) Las fuentes del derecho - Producción, compatibilización y anulación de normas jurídicas - La interpretación de las normas y el conocimiento científico del derecho. (shrink)

Any formalization of legal texts requires not only a syntactical and semantical analysis, but also a pragmatical approach. There are some difficulties in the formalization of legal pragmatics. Legal theory acknowledges that legal languages are contaminated with value expressions and their ideological linguistic context. The theoretical categories introduced by legal scientist according to traditional, but also culturally variable criteria, are necessary for the construction of legal text (in their prescriptive version), but nearly always they are implicitly used and not explicitly (...) mentioned. Kelsenian and Hohfeldian categories are exempIes of not equivalent classificatory criteria. The problem, for any attempted automated analysis of legal languages, is also how to introduce in the logical and algorithmic schemes used in computation, symbolic eIements taking into account those not explicit categorial-forms. (shrink)

El artículo analiza desde un punto de vista analítico las estructuras lógicas y lingüísticas del discurso moral y del discurso jurídico, en cuanto a sus códigos prescriptivos, con el fin de determinar la relación que existe entre ambos discursos. Aunque se han hecho esfuerzos a la largo de la historia por garantizar una esfera de autonomía en el sujeto moral, y por evitar la injerencia reguladora externa del brazo del Estado o el poder espiritual de alguna iglesia, no se ha (...) conseguido. Desde planteamientos diferentes se exigen conexiones entre derecho y moral, si bien las relaciones de fundamentación que se postulan entre ambos discursos son vagas y problemáticas. Vernengo rechaza una relación de subalternación del derecho con respecto a la moral. La moral más que fundamento lógico inmediato del derecho, establece un conjunto de razones, no las únicas pues existen otros ingredientes axiológicos, que justifican en los derechos positivos que instituyan deberes y derechos subjetivos. Esto implica rebajar la relación entre derecho y moral a una contingente constatación empírica. (shrink)

Legal discourse is, admittedly, a rational message. As such, it presupposes some kind of logical structure. Nevertheless, legal theorist are not agreement as concerns the adequate logic law requires. A proposal to develop a specific logic, called “idiomatic legal logic”, is discussed as regards its consequences for an understanding of the rationality of law. Further, linguistic models adopted for the explanation of legal concepts are also considered, inasmuch as they imply that law is somehow isomorphic with Iinguistic structures.

Este articulo busca interpretar los eventos narrados en las sociedades imaginadas de la serie televisiva Game of Thrones a la luz de los conceptos claves que la filosofía política contemporánea ha elaborado para analizar y comprender nuestra actual crisis civilizatoria.

Se trata de una breve presentación al libro del Investigador Titular del Instituto de Filosofía de La Habana Gilberto Valdés Gutiérrez El paradigma emancipatorio en América Latina: opciones en controversia, publicado por la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.

This article tries to give a general vision of the mathematical methods used to model biological processes. There are two kinds of methods: deterministics using dynamical systems theory and probabilistics, using stochastic differential equations. However, three points can not be neglected for biological processes: complexity, unpredictability and diversity of time scales.Este trabalho trata de uma visão panorâmica dos principais métodos utilizados, atualmente, na modelagem matemática de processos biológicos. Esses métodos são muito variados, com enfoques que, às vezes, são determinísticos, utilizando (...) a teoria dos sistemas dinâmicos e, às vezes, são probabilísticos, lançando mão das equações diferenciais estocásticas. Em todos eles, entretanto, três fatores inerentes aos processos biológicos não podem deixar de ser considerados: a complexidade, a imprevisibilidade e a diversidade de escalas temporais. (shrink)

This work is a generalization of the López-Ruiz, Mancini, and Calbet (LMC) and Shiner, Davison, and Landsberg (SDL) complexity measures, considering that the state of a system or process is represented by a continuous temporal series of a dynamical variable. As the two complexity measures are based on the calculation of informational entropy, an equivalent information source is defined by using partitions of the dynamical variable range. During the time intervals, the information associated with the measured dynamical variable is the (...) seed to calculate instantaneous LMC and SDL measures. To show how the methodology works generating indicators, two examples, one concerning meteorological data and the other concerning economic data, are presented and discussed. (shrink)

Some concepts related to the utilization of Dynamical Systems Theory on complex systems problems are presented. Using these concepts, we suggest that two dynamics can be established: a short-term one and a long-term one, and both of them are connected to the system's organization processes.Foram apresentados alguns conceitos relativos à utilização da Teoria dos Sistemas Dinâmicos em problemas de sistemas complexos. A apresentação destes conceitos centra-se no estabelecimento de duas dinâmicas: uma de curto termo e outra de longo termo, relacionando-as (...) com os processos de organização dos sistemas. (shrink)

Drawing on the Agency-Stewardship approach, which suggests that manager profile may range from the agent model to the steward model, this article aims to examine how important CEOs are to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Specifically, this exploratory study proposes the existence of a relationship between manager profile and CSR practices and that this relation is mediated by the perceived role of ethics and social responsibility. After applying a mediated regression analysis using survey information collected from 149 CEOs in Spain, results (...) show that those closer to the steward model are more inclined to attach great importance to ethics and social responsibility, and to implement CSR practices in their companies. Results also provide support for the suggested mediating effect. Thus, this article extends research in understanding top managers as drivers for CSR and suggests new ways to deal with this issue empirically. (shrink)

Los textos recopilados aquí nos invitan a explorar los múltiples laberintos que plantea la polifórmica noción de responsabilidad, una categoría que se ha vuelto central e imprescindible en nuestro horizonte actual. Ciertamente, se impone introducirnos y avanzar por los vericuetos, a veces pobremente iluminados, de los complejos laberintos de la responsabilidad: el incremento de la desigualdad fruto de la globalización económica, la guerra de Irak y sus funestos corolarios, catástrofes ecológicas como la del Prestige o el cambio climático, los vertiginosos (...) avances de la biotecnología, el desolador y trágico atentado del 11 de marzo, plantean graves interrogantes respecto al valor de la responsabilidad en el mundo actual dado que unas decisiones políticas y técnicas imprudentes, precipitadas, conllevan espirales de violencia, horror y devastación que nos estremecen. Todo ello nos exige, imperiosamente, replantear el significado y alcance de la noción de responsabilidad desde la reflexión ética, desde la filosofía social y política e igualmente desde la filosofía de la ciencia y la tecnología. (shrink)

Neste início de século a humanidade vem enfrentando muitos e diversos problemas, sejam eles epistemológicos, éticos, sociais, ambientais, políticos ou econômicos. Todos eles, problemas modernos, mas, conforme se defenderá, sem soluções modernas. Os objetivos do artigo são compreender as raízes destas problemáticas, demonstrar que jamais houve modernidade sem colonialidade, uma das razões para que o projeto moderno não seja concluído, e analisar as perspectivas que se abrem a partir da periferia do mundo moderno/colonial. Pensar a partir da periferia, dos lugares (...) e povos oprimidos, abre-nos a possibilidade de epistemologias pluri-versais e de um diálogo horizontal entre os saberes, de forma a concorrer para a reinvenção da emancipação social, sendo esta uma de suas condições essenciais para um conhecimento-reconhecimento que eleva os marginalizados da condição de objeto, como foram historicamente tratados, à condição de sujeitos solidários. (shrink)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a fast-growing technology that connects everyday devices to the Internet, enabling wireless, low-consumption and low-cost communication and data exchange. IoT has revolutionized the way devices interact with each other and the internet. The more devices become connected, the greater the risk of security breaches. There is currently a need for new approaches to algorithms that can detect malware regardless of the size of the network and that can adapt to dynamic changes in the network. (...) Through the use of a multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm, this paper proposes a novel algorithm for malware detection in IoT devices. The proposed algorithm is not strongly dependent on the size of the IoT network due to the that its training is adapted using time differences if the IoT network size is small or Monte Carlo otherwise. To validate the proposed algorithm in an environment as close to reality as possible, we proposed a scenario based on a real IoT network, where we tested different malware propagation models. Different simulations varying the number of agents and nodes in the IoT network have been developed. The result of these simulations proves the efficiency and adaptability of the proposed algorithm in detecting malware, regardless of the malware propagation model. (shrink)

This work presents a discussion about the application of the Kolmogorov; López-Ruiz, Mancini, and Calbet ; and Shiner, Davison, and Landsberg complexity measures to a common situation in physics described by the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. The first idea about complexity measure started in computer science and was proposed by Kolmogorov, calculated similarly to the informational entropy. Kolmogorov measure when applied to natural phenomena, presents higher values associated with disorder and lower to order. However, it is considered that high complexity must be (...) associated to intermediate states between order and disorder. Consequently, LMC and SDL measures were defined and used in attempts to model natural phenomena but with the inconvenience of being defined for discrete probability distributions defined over finite intervals. Here, adapting the definitions to a continuous variable, the three measures are applied to the known Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution describing thermal neutron velocity in a power reactor, allowing extension of complexity measures to a continuous physical situation and giving possible discussions about the phenomenon. (shrink)

This paper based on the distinction between the instrumental and normative views of stakeholder management explores how business education and personal moral philosophies may influence the orientation adopted by an individual. A mediated regression analysis using survey information collected from 206 Spanish university students showed that those exposed to management theories were less willing to consider stakeholders when making business decisions if the consequent economic impacts on the firm were omitted. The results also provided support for a negative effect of (...) business education on idealism and a mediating effect of the latter on the relationship between education and stakeholder management orientation. This study thus raises awareness on the influence of business education on individuals’ ethical decision-making processes and suggests some possible changes for business education. (shrink)

This article aims to measure both the economic and social value of Tecnocampus, a Science and Technology Park in its region of influence. Our results show that the impact of Tecnocampus has a socioeconomic cost–benefit ratio of 2.39. Measuring the impact of this multifaceted centre requires a diverse approach. Although the methods used are not new, the combination of them presents a novel approach to measure the impact of an institution of this nature. We have measured the economic value with (...) the Input–Output model, including the Social Accounting Matrix. On the other hand, for social value calculations, we have used cost–benefit analysis adding measurements of firm localisation to estimate externality effects. Our main results present an economic value of more than 0.054% of the Catalan GDP, whereas the employment impact represents almost 0.37% of total employment in the region. The total economic multiplier of Tecnocampus activity is estimated to be 1.89. Social value generates an additional 0.50 euros to the multiplier according with our analysis. This additional social value represents an increase of productivity estimated in 20 million euros of operational income for Catalan firms and the creation of seven additional firms in the Maresme region as a result of knowledge spillovers. The social value also includes reduction of over-education caused by a better matching between graduates and enterprises, a more direct application of research, and an increase in consumer surplus. Finally, we discuss the policy implications of our findings to promote investments in this kind of infrastructures. (shrink)

Reseña de: Jesse Prinz: Beyond Human Nature. How Culture and Experience Shape Our Lives. London, Allen Lane, 2012. 401 pp. ISBN: 978-0393061758.

Monetary intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the dark side of monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics—dishonesty. Dishonesty, a risky prospect, involves cost–benefit analysis of self-interest. We frame good or bad barrels in the environmental context as a proxy of high or low probability of getting caught for dishonesty, respectively. We theorize: The magnitude and intensity of (...) the relationship between love of money and dishonest prospect may reveal how individuals frame dishonesty in the context of two levels of subjective norm—perceived corporate ethical values at the micro-level and Corruption Perceptions Index at the macro-level, collected from multiple sources. Based on 6382 managers in 31 geopolitical entities across six continents, our cross-level three-way interaction effect illustrates: As expected, managers in good barrels, mixed barrels, and bad barrels display low, medium, and high magnitude of dishonesty, respectively. With high CEV, the intensity is the same across cultures. With low CEV, the intensity of dishonesty is the highest in high CPI entities —the Enron Effect, but the lowest in low CPI entities. CPI has a strong impact on the magnitude of dishonesty, whereas CEV has a strong impact on the intensity of dishonesty. We demonstrate dishonesty in light of monetary values and two frames of social norm, revealing critical implications to the field of behavioral economics and business ethics. (shrink)

Monetary Intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the bright side of Monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics, frames money attitude in the context of pay and life satisfaction, and controls money at the macro-level and micro-level. We theorize: Managers with low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior will have high subjective well-being: pay satisfaction and (...) quality of life. Data collected from 6586 managers in 32 cultures across six continents support our theory. Interestingly, GDP per capita is related to life satisfaction, but not to pay satisfaction. Individual income is related to both life and pay satisfaction. Neither GDP nor income is related to Happiness. Our theoretical model across three GDP groups offers new discoveries: In high GDP entities, “high income” not only reduces aspirations—“Rich, Motivator, and Power,” but also promotes stewardship behavior—“Budget, Give/Donate, and Contribute” and appreciation of “Achievement.” After controlling income, we demonstrate the bright side of Monetary Intelligence: Low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior define Monetary Intelligence. “Good apples enjoy good quality of life in good barrels.” This notion adds another explanation to managers’ low magnitude of dishonesty in entities with high Corruption Perceptions Index. In low GDP entities, high income is related to poor Budgeting skills and escalated Happiness. These managers experience equal satisfaction with pay and life. We add a new vocabulary to the conversation of monetary intelligence, income, GDP, happiness, subjective well-being, good and bad apples and barrels, corruption, and behavioral ethics. (shrink)